Multiple effects on testicular signaling and spermatogenesis

In the past century, the drastic advancement in industrialization and technology and the growth in human population have driven a change to the environment to a scope that is unprecedented in human history. The production of large amounts of synthetic industrial and biomedical chemicals, as well as unwanted pollutants pose destructive consequences to our ecosystem and impose negative health effects to wildlife and humans. A recent review highlighted that about 40% of human death (62 million per